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Polîp: Taybetmendiyên polîpên poz, mîzdank û kolon çi ne?
Polyps are growths most commonly located on the lining of the colon, rectum, uterus, stomach, nose, sinuses, and bladder. They can measure from a few millimeters to several centimeters. While in most cases, these are benign and often asymptomatic tumors, in some cases they can develop into cancer.
Nose polyp
A nasal polyp is a growth of the lining of the nose that covers the lining of the sinuses. These tumors, relatively frequent and benign, have the particularity of being often bilateral. They can occur at any age.
A nasal polyp can appear as part of a nasal sinus polyposis, which is characterized by an overgrowth of microscopic polyps in the lining of the nose and sinuses.
Faktorên rîsk
“The risk factors for nasal polyp are numerous,” specifies Dr. Anne Thirot-Bidault, oncologist. Mention may in particular be made of chronic inflammation of the sinuses, asthma, intolerance to aspirin. Cystic fibrosis also predisposes to polyp formation. A genetic predisposition (family history) is also possible in this case ”.
Nîşaneyên
The main symptoms of nasal polyp are very similar to those of a common cold. Indeed, the patient will experience a loss of smell, and will suffer from a feeling of stuffy nose, repeated sneezing, more mucus secretion and snoring.
Tedawî
As a first-line treatment, the doctor will prescribe a drug treatment based on local corticosteroids, in a spray, to be sprayed into the nose. This treatment helps limit symptoms by reducing the size of the polyps.
Surgery (polypectomy or removal of polyps) using an endoscope (flexible viewing tube) is sometimes necessary if they obstruct the airways or cause frequent sinus infections.
Nasal polyps tend to recur, unless the underlying irritations, allergy, or infections are controlled.
Bladder polyp
Bladder polyps are small growths that develop from the lining of the bladder, called the urothelium. These tumors are almost always made up of dysplastic, that is, cancerous cells.
Nîşaneyên
Most of the time, these polyps are discovered in the presence of blood in the urine (hematuria). They can also be manifested by burning while urinating or by painful urges to urinate.
Faktorên rîsk
These bladder lesions are favored by smoking and exposure to certain chemicals (arsenic, pesticides, benzene derivatives, industrial carcinogens). They are frequently observed in people over 50, and are three times more common in men than in women.
“If there is blood in the urine, the doctor will first order a cytobacteriological examination of the urine (ECBU) in order to rule out a urinary tract infection, then a urine test for abnormal cells (urine cytology) and bladder fibroscopy, ”explains Dr Anne Thirot-Bidault.
Tedawî
In superficial forms, the treatment consists of removing the lesions entirely by natural means under the camera. This procedure is called a transurethral bladder resection (UVRT). The polyp or polyps are then entrusted to the anatomopathology laboratory which, after microscopic examination, will determine the degree of infiltration and the aggressiveness of the cells (grade). The results will guide treatment.
In the infiltrating forms which affect the muscle of the bladder, it is necessary to remove the organ by a rather heavy surgical intervention (the cystectomy).
Colorectal polyp
A colorectal polyp is any raised lesion of the lining of the colon or rectum. It is easily visible during an examination, inside the digestive tract.
Its size is variable – from 2 millimeters and a few centimeters – just like its shape:
The sessile polyp looks like a rounded protrusion (like a watch glass), placed on the inner wall of the colon or rectum;
The pedicled polyp is shaped like a fungus, with a foot and a head;
The planar polyp is slightly raised on the interior wall of the colon or rectum;
And the depressed or ulcerated polyp forms a hollow in the wall.
Colon polyps more at risk
Some colon polyps have a higher risk of developing into cancer.
Polîpên adenomatoz
They are basically made up of glandular cells that line the lumen of the large intestine. “These are the most frequent, admits the doctor. They concern 2/3 of the polyps and are in the pre-cancer state ”. If they evolve, 3 adenomas in 1000 become colorectal cancers. After removal, they tend to recur. Monitoring is essential.
Scalloped or serrated polyps
These adenomatous polyps are held responsible for a large proportion of colon cancer interval (occurring between two control colonoscopies) hence the need for close monitoring.
Other types of colon polyps
Other categories of colon polyps, such as hyperplastic polyps (characterized by an increase in size and changes in the glands in the lining of the colon) rarely progress to colorectal cancer.
Faktorên rîsk
Colon polyps are often related to age, family or personal history. “This genetic factor concerns around 3% of cancers,” explains the specialist. In this case, we are talking about familial polyposis or Lynch’s disease, an autosomal dominant hereditary disease, which implies that a sick person has a 50% risk of transmitting the pathology to his children ”.
Nîşaneyên
“Most colon polyps are asymptomatic,” confirms Dr. Anne Thirot-Bidault. Rarely, they can be the cause of bleeding in the stool (rectal bleeding) ”.
Tedawî
The key exam to diagnose a colon polyp is a colonoscopy. It allows you to visualize the walls of the colon and, using forceps, to take certain samples (biopsy) to analyze the tissues.
“Ablation, especially during colonoscopy, is the best treatment for colon polyp. This helps prevent the onset of cancer, ”says our interlocutor. In the case of sessile polyps or very large polyps, the removal must be done by surgery.
In France, colorectal cancer screening is offered by invitation, every two years, to women and men aged 50 to 74 and without a personal or family history.