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Without a common approach to psychological counseling, we will always work in fragments, based on our usual vision and using our favorite “chips”. The community of counseling psychologists is faced with the task of summarizing experience, developing a common theoretical and methodological base, and integrating various approaches and areas of psychological counseling. We are far from taking the liberty of teaching our fellow psychologists how to work, our task is more modest: we want to share the experience of our training students at the University of Practical Psychology. We hope that this will excuse those points in our presentation that seem too simple, obvious and well-known to everyone: what is the ABC for an experienced professional is sometimes difficult news for a novice consultant.
Let me start with a quote from the collection «Psychotherapy — what is it?»
“…Let’s think about John: he’s in pain every time he turns his head. Trying to get rid of suffering, he can turn to a number of specialists, but he will start with the one about whom, on the basis of his experience and his ideas, he thinks that he will help him better than others.
And what? John will surely find that each specialist’s point of view and the measures proposed by this specialist will be most closely related to the education and life experience of this specialist. So, for example, John’s family doctor is likely to diagnose «increased muscle tone» and prescribe him drugs that relax the muscles. The Spiritualist, in turn, will identify John’s «disturbance of spiritual harmony» and offer him prayers and healing by the laying on of hands. The psychotherapist, on the other hand, will take an interest in who “sat on John’s neck,” and advise you to undergo psychological training, which teaches the ability to stand up for oneself. The chiropractor can detect a misalignment of John’s cervical vertebrae and begin to straighten the appropriate section of the spine, doing what chiropractic calls «manipulation.» A naturopath will diagnose an energy imbalance and suggest acupuncture. Well, John’s neighbor, a bedroom furniture dealer, will most likely say that the springs of the mattress on which our hero sleeps have worn out, and advise him to buy a new mattress … ”(Psychotherapy — what is it? Modern ideas / Ed. J.K. Zeig and V. M. Munion / Translated from English by L. S. Kaganov. — M .: Independent firm «Class», 2000. — 432 pp. — (Library of Psychology and Psychotherapy, issue 80)).
It is hardly worth arguing here which of them is right. I think it is more important for us to agree that all these reasons can, in principle, take place, and it makes sense to at least think through all these options. Do we always do this in our psychological work?
The need for an integrated approach
Schools of psychological counseling differ in many respects in what the psychologist prefers to work with: with the unconscious in psychoanalysis, with the body in gestalt, with behavior in the behavioral approach, with beliefs in the cognitive approach, with images (figuratively represented problems) in the narrative or process approach. .
Do you need to limit yourself? No.
In the East, when one of the sultan’s wives fell ill, the doctor could only see the patient’s hand. Yes, only by listening to the pulse, the miracle of the doctor could sometimes help the patient, but is such an art of the doctor needed today, if instead of it you can conduct a comprehensive examination of the patient and her own complex treatment.
Instead of isolated ad hoc approaches, an integrated approach is needed. The therapist, the psychologist-consultant should not have one approach (one tool), but a lot of different tools.
Comprehensive diagnostic skills
Possessing a variety of tools, the psychologist must understand what a particular client needs in this case.
Bi hestan re bixebitin? Karek bi laş re pêşniyar bikin? Bi baweriyan re bixebitin? An jî dibe ku bi tevgerê re xebata têkildartir? Bi wêneyan re dixebitin? Bi rabirdûyeke aloz re mijûl dibin? Bi wateyên jiyanê re bixebitin? Tiştekî din?
This or that direction of work of a psychologist-consultant is determined by the request of the client, but not only by him. Firstly, often the client’s request as such is absent, vague complaints are voiced, and secondly, the girl herself may not understand the essence of her problem and, in fact, tell the consultant what her mother or girlfriend told her about his problems.
Piştî guhdarîkirina daxwaza xerîdar, peywira şêwirmend ev e ku li hemî sedemên gengaz ên pirsgirêkan binêre û ji bo vê yekê divê navnîşek wî hebe.
Like a doctor: if a client complains about skin problems, you need to do a lot of tests in a variety of ways, but very well known to the doctor. Doctors have such lists that you need to check — the same lists should be with psychologists-consultants.
Procedure for defining a real problem
If a patient at the doctor complains of abdominal pain, the doctor may have many assumptions: it may be an unusual diet for him, but appendicitis, and cancer, and problems with the gallbladder and liver. Maybe this client simply ate too much, or maybe he has yersiniosis or something else extremely rare. So that doctors are not in a hurry to cut out appendicitis where the patient has elementary indigestion, they have recommendations on how to identify problems.
Still, they start with the definition of something elementary, typical, obvious, and only if the obvious is not obvious, simple assumptions do not work, you should look for something deeper. When this rule is violated, it is said to be unprofessional.
One of my clients complained: he went to a skin doctor, he superficially examined him and said that it was all from the nerves. Also has recommended to address concerning a psychosomatics to the psychotherapist. The client, however, turned to a more professional specialist, he did tests, prescribed simple pills to restore the intestinal flora, and everything went away in a week.
It is not necessary to look for the root causes of problems until more elementary assumptions are tested.
Returning to psychological work, we repeat this most important principle:
It is not professional to look for the underlying causes of psychological problems until more elementary assumptions have been verified.
Obvious, probable and underlying psychological problems
Psychological problems can be of any topic: about money and love, “I don’t know what I want” and “I don’t trust people”, but they are called internal if a person sees the root of the problem within himself, and not in someone or something external.
Working with internal problems of clients, it is recommended to follow the following order, the following sequence of work with problems:
- Sedemên eşkere yên pirsgirêkan zehmetî û pirsgirêkên ku bi çavên rût têne dîtin û di asta aqilê hevpar de têne çareser kirin in. Ger keçek tenê be ji ber ku ew tenê li malê rûne û naçe deverek, berî her tiştî divê were şîret kirin ku dora xwe ya civakî berfireh bike.
- Sedemên muhtemel ên pirsgirêkan - ne diyar, lê sedemên muhtemel ên zehmetiyên xerîdar, ku nîşanên wan ên ku ji bo pisporek têne dîtin hene. Keç nikare dorhêlek civakî ava bike, ji ber ku şêwazek wê ya bazarî ya danûstandinê û hêrsbûna wê heye.
- Sedemên bingehîn ên pirsgirêkê texmînên di derbarê sedemên pirsgirêkên xerîdar de ne ku nîşanên wan ên berbiçav tune. Sedema tenêtiya wê keçê travmaya derûnî ya zarokatiyê, û pirsgirêkên di bîra malbatê ya malbata wê de, û taca bêgaviyê û nifira cîranan e.
Ger xerîdar pirsgirêkek eşkere diyar dike, divê hûn pêşî rasterast bi wê re bixebitin.
Ger zilamek nizane meriv çawa li kolanê nas dike, gavên pêşîn divê seretayî bin - bipirsin gelo ew dixwaze fêr bibe, û heke wusa be, şîret bikin ka meriv çawa û li ku derê çêtir bike. Ger mirovek ji firîna li ser balafiran bitirse, belkî hêja ye ku di serî de bi tirsa xwe ya firînê re bixebite û bûyerên zarokatiya wî ya dijwar jê nepirse. Desensitîzasyona bingehîn dikare di nîv saetê de tirsan rake, û heke pirsgirêk çareser bibe, ew çareser dibe.
Obvious causes of problems can often be solved in obvious ways, for an experienced consultant — at the level of common sense. Only if this was not enough, the consultant should move to the level of hidden causes of problems, starting with the most probable ones, and only if all possibilities have been exhausted, can one dive into deep problems.
According to the principle of simplicity, you should not produce additional problems. If something can be solved simply, it should be solved simply, if only because it is faster and more efficient, less costly in terms of time and effort. What is solved quickly is not fair to do for a long time.
Ger pirsgirêka xerîdar bi rengek hêsan, pratîkî were rave kirin, ne hewce ye ku pêşî li ravekirinên tevlihev bigerin.
Ger pirsgirêka xerîdar bi behreyî were ceribandin, divê hûn rêça psîkolojiya kûr berî wextê negirin.
Ger pirsgirêka xerîdar bi xebata bi niha re were çareser kirin, divê hûn lez nekin ku bi rabirdûya xerîdar re bixebitin.
Ger pirsgirêk di paşeroja nêzîk a xerîdar de were dîtin, divê hûn nekevin nav jiyana wî ya paşîn û bîranîna bav û kalan.
It must be remembered that deep problems are an area of the unprovable, where full scope is opened for both creativity and charlatanism.
Psîkolog an terapîstê ku xebata kûr a ku pêbaweriyek zanistî tune ye pêşniyar dike, divê ji xwe bipirse: Encamên dirêj ên xebata weha çi ne, ev celeb psîkoterapî dê çawa bersivê bide? Ma hûn bi çavê xerab û nîşanên xirab bawer dikin? Adetek ku xwe bispêre bextê? Meyl heye ku berpirsiyariyê biguhezîne ser bêhişiya xwe? Û tiştek piçûk - li şûna ku hûn ji bo xwe bifikirin, behsa bîranîna bav û kalan bikin? Wusa dixuye ku ev celeb ramanên exlaqî û kontrolkirina dostaniya jîngehê ji bo psîkologek pispor mecbûrî ye.
Karê pîşeyî domdar e û prensîba sadebûnê dişopîne. Di warê pîşeyî de, bi aqilê hevpar, bi pênasekirina tiştek bingehîn, tîpîk, eşkere dest pê bike û tenê heke çareseriya di asta aqilê hevpar de nexebite, divê hûn li tiştek veşartî û kûrtir bigerin. Dema ku ev qaîdeya rêzgirtinê ya çareserkirina pirsgirêkê were binpêkirin, tê gotin ku ew ne profesyonel e.
The “whatever works is good” approach can be short-sighted and therefore not environmentally friendly. If the husband is tired, the wife can bring him 200 grams after work. We know it will give an effect, it will work, it will definitely feel better for my husband. You can also help him the next day. What is the ambush here? We know that in the long run this man turns into an alcoholic. What gives a reliable effect now can turn into serious and extensive problems later. Fortune tellers and sorceresses work no less efficiently than fellow psychologists, but the passion for mysticism and esotericism, the habit of relying on higher powers, is fraught with a decrease in the general culture, infantilism and a habit of irresponsibility.
Systematization of probable problems
In our practical work, we use a specific list of typical probable psychological problems. This is the time to remember about the integrated approach to counseling, about the fact that a person is not only a mind, but also a body, not only a body, but also a soul, immediately recall the life meanings that organize our life, the meaning of life and the life of the spirit. We said that a therapist, a counseling psychologist, should not have one approach (one tool), but a lot of different tools. What tools implement this integrated approach?
Today we bring to your judgment the following list:
- Axaftvanên pirsgirêk
Vengefulness, struggle for power, the habit of attracting attention, fear of failure. Rudolf Dreikurs (Dreikurs, R. (1968) Psychology in the classroom) provided a wonderful tool that is strange to pass up.
- Problem body
Tension, clamps, negative anchors, general or specific underdevelopment (lack of training) of the body. We are based here not only on the works of Alexander Lowen (A. Lowen «Psychology of the body»), we have here many of our original developments.
- Problem thinking.
Lack of knowledge, positive, constructive and responsible. The tendency to think in terms of “problems”, to see mainly shortcomings, to engage in ascertaining and experience without constructiveness, to launch parasitic processes that waste energy in vain (pity, self-accusations, negativism, a tendency to criticism and revenge). Here, the development of very many people helps us: Alfred Adler, Fritz Perls, Werner Erhard, at the same time this is the main direction in the development of the Syntone approach.
- Problematic Beliefs
Negative or rigid limiting beliefs, problematic life scenarios, lack of motivating beliefs. This line was started by Aaron Beck (Aaron Beck, Arthur Freeman. “Cognitive Psychotherapy of Personality Disorders”), Albert Ellis (Albert Ellis. Humanistic Psychotherapy: A Rational-Emotional Approach / Translated from English — St. Petersburg: Owl Publishing House; M. : EKSMO-Press Publishing House, 2002. — 272 pp. (Series «Steps of Psychotherapy»)) and Eric Berne (Eric Berne. «Games People Play»), productively continued since then by many.
- Problem images
Problematic image of I, problematic image of a partner, problematic image of life strategies, problematic metaphor of life. This is at least a narrative and procedural approach, working with pictures and metaphors.
- Problematic lifestyle.
It seems to us that this point is underestimated by modern practical psychology. This is about a disorganized and unhealthy lifestyle, when a young man lives mostly at night, a businessman gets drunk, a young girl smokes, this is about a life of loneliness or a problematic environment.
Bikaranînî
If a client comes for a consultation, first of all we consider it obligatory to hear his request, if necessary, to help him formulate it. If possible, we are looking for opportunities to transfer the client from the position of the Victim to the position of the Author, then we can work not only with a passive suffering patient, but also cooperate with a completely active, thinking, responsible person. If the client’s request is solved directly, at the level of an obvious problem, that’s fine. If not, we have a hint, a list of possible hidden problems.
Îxanet
Bifikirin ku jinek biryar dide ku di rewşek ku mêrê wê jê dixapîne de çi bike. Piştî vekolîneke hêsan derdikeve holê ku jiyana wan a malbatê diwanzdeh salî bûye, du zarokên wan hene, mêrê wê jê hez dike, ew jî jê hez dike, îxanet zêdetir qeza bûye. Piştî ku aram bû, ew bi serê xwe her tiştî fam dike - ne hêja ye ku di vê rewşê de ji hev veqete, ew ê rasttir be ku heqaretan rakin û têkiliyan baştir bikin, lê giyanê wê diêşe û ew dixwaze mêrê xwe ceza bike. Li vir em digihîjin pirsgirêkên veşartî.
Binêrin ka li vir axaftvanên pirsgirêk hene? Ma hûn hewce ne ku bi laşek pirsgirêk re bixebitin? Ramana jinê çiqasî avaker e, bi awayekî erênîtir û avaker ji nû ve avakirina wê pêkan e? Baweriyên pirsgirêk û sînordar hene ku ramana çêker asteng dikin? Di derbarê xwebaweriya jinê de, ew çawa hîs dike, gelo guhertina îmaja wê ya li ser xwe mimkun û pêwîst e? Û bi awayê, çend şev ew xew nekiriye - dibe ku ew hewce bike ku pêşî razê?
slouch
Keçik disekine, her çend ji bo vê yekê ti sedemên bijîşkî tune ne. Sedema eşkere ew e ku keçik li xwe nanêre. Ihtîmal - tirsonek ku geş û yekem be. Şêwirmend ev yek nekir, di şûna wê de terapîst ket rê ku li sedemên bingehîn ên ne mimkûn bigere: «ew hemî li ser sekinandin û astengkirina hestên we ye»… ↑
Tirsa ji ragihandinê
Tirsa danûstendinê di kesek têr de bi hêsanî dikare bi tevlihevkirina van awayên jêrîn were rakirin: bêhesibandin, pêkanîna kiryarên ne-standard û perwerdehiya di ragihandina bi bandor de (gelek navendên perwerdehiyê hene). Lê divê ev bê kirin, divê ev bê fêrkirin. Ger kesek ne amade ye ku xwendin û pratîkê bike, an jî ew hîn jî alîkariyê nake (tiştek diqewime) - erê, wê hingê ew têr e ku meriv pirsgirêkên veşartî û kûrtir çareser bike.
Berhevkirinî
As you can see, in teaching students of the University, we try to avoid thoughtless compilation, unsystematic and unprincipled approach «everything that works is good.» The approach proposed here is aimed at the complex and systematic use of the available tools, at the use of the best practices in practical psychology. I would like to believe that these reflections and such an approach can be useful not only to students, but also to our esteemed colleagues.
Çavkanî
- Dreikurs, R. (1968) Psychology in the classroom
- Beck Aaron, Arthur Freeman. Cognitive psychotherapy of personality disorders.
- Bern Eric. Games People Play.
- Veselago E.V. System constellations according to Bert Hellinger: history, philosophy, technology.
- Lowen Alexander «Psychology of the Body»
- Psychotherapy — what is it? Modern ideas / Ed. J.K. Zeiga and V.M. Munion / Per. from English. L.S. Kaganov. — M .: Independent firm «Class», 2000. — 432 p. — (Library of Psychology and Psychotherapy, issue 80).
- Ellis Albert. Humanistic psychotherapy: Rational-emotional approach / Per. from English. — St. Petersburg: Owl Publishing House; M .: Publishing House of EKSMO-Press, 2002. — 272 p. (Series «Steps of psychotherapy»).
Article in English: Experience of system integration of basic trends in psychological counseling